itish Parliament- UNITARY GOVERNMENT
12 states
Britain = England + Wales + Scotland
UK = Britain + Northern Ireland
UK system of government
The United Kingdom is a parliamentary democracy Monarch as the head of state.
three organs of British constitution
· a legislature
· an executive
· a judiciary.
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The Life Peerages Act 1958 introduced more people from different professions, and more women. Before the Act, the House of Lords had been made up exclusively of hereditary Peers. A life Peer cannot pass their title on to his or her children. Although life Peers are appointed by the Crown, it is the Prime Minister who nominates them. By convention the Leader of the Opposition and other party leaders can propose a certain number Members of the House of Lords are sometimes referred to as peers. Most members are Life Peers although 92 sit by virtue of hereditary title. Life Peers are appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister to serve for their life; the title is not transferable. The hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. As of 2020 there are 814 hereditary peers: 31 dukes (including seven royal dukes), 34 marquises, 193 earls, 112 viscounts, and 444 barons (disregarding subsidiary titles).Not all hereditary titles are titles of the peerage. For instance, baronets and baronesses may pass on their titles, but they are not peers. Conversely, the holder of a non-hereditary title may belong to the peerage, as with life peers. Peerages may be created by means of letters patent, but the granting of new hereditary peerages has largely dwindled; only seven hereditary peers have been created after 1965, four of them members of the British royal family. From 1963 to 1999, all non-Irish peers were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, but since the House of Lords Act 1999 was passed, only 92 are permitted to do so, unless they are also life peers.[1Peers are called to the House of Lords with a writ of summons. The House of Lords is the only upper house of any bicameral parliament in the world to be larger than its lower house.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Convention dictates that a government minister must be a member of the House of Commons or the House of Lords. This means that if the prime minister wants to appoint a minister, who is not a sitting MP or serving peer, their only option is to first ennoble that person to the House of Lord -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Its 301 Members are elected by popular vote at least once every five years to sit in the House of Commons. For that purpose, the country is divided into electoral districts, also known as ridings or constituencies, and each is entitled to one seat in the House of Commons. Members of the House of Commons must be 18 years of age or older. Peers of England, Scotland, or the United Kingdom may not be elected to the House of Commons, though Irish peers may be. Certain clergy, judicial officers, members of the armed forces, police officers, and civil servants are also ineligible for election. Women became eligible under an act of 1918. Members were paid beginning in 1911. can refer : https://www.britannica.com/topic/House-of-Commons-British-government
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Legislature Vs Executive vs Judiciary of British Parliamentary
The government ministers occupy position either from on of the hoses mostly from house of commons
The Executives are excluded from holding legislative office- including civil services, the armed forces, police and political affairs
There is Secondary legislation through act of parliament
The lord chancellor member of cabinet is no longer can play as judge.
There Attorney general and lord Advocate have quasi judicial roles
The executives and Court have mutual respect.
The legislature retains the right impeach members of the judiciary by agreement of both houses.
Whig Peelite
Parliamentary Government Strong
Government Representative Responsible
Inclusion Exclusion
Responsiveness Distance
Participation Stability
Accountability Accountability
Direction Control
Exposure of Ministers Insulation of Ministers
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Glossary of Uk Parliament:
Abstain :
To abstain is to refuse to vote either for or against a motion without records in parliament
Act of parliament
An Act of Parliament (also called a statute) is a law made by the UK Parliament.
Adjournment motion
Short, half-hour debate that takes place at the end of each day's sitting in the House of Commons.
Affirmation
to take an oath of allegiance to the Crown before they take their seats in Parliament after election
Affirmative procedure
Its name describes the form of scrutiny that the SI receives from Parliament.
All Party Group:
All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) are informal, cross-party groups formed by MPs and Members of the House of Lords who share a common interest in a particular policy area, region or country.
Allocating Time
MPs can spend debating a particular stage of a Bill in the House of Commons
Allowances
Allowances are sums of money paid by the House of Lords to its members in place of a salary, to help cover their work-related costs.
An amendment is a change to the wording of a Bill or a motion that is proposed by an MP or member of the House of Lords.
An amendment is a change to the wording of a Bill or a motion that is proposed by an MP or member of the House of Lords.
The corridors to the left and right of the Chamber in both Houses are used as division lobbies when either House divides for a vote
Backbenchers are MPs or members of the House of Lords that are neither government ministers nor opposition Shadow spokespeople .
Ballot Bills are a type of Private Members' Bill used only in the House of Commons
The Bar of the House marks the boundary of the Chamber beyond which guests and visitors may not pass when either House is at work.
The British Peerage has five ranks or grades. Baron is the fifth and lowest of the ranks.
A Baroness is a female member of the House of Lords, equivalent in rank to Baron
Bicameral literally means 'two-Chamber'. A bicameral parliament is one that contains two separate assemblies who must both agree when new laws are made. The UK Parliament is bicameral because both the House of Commons and the House of Lords are involved in making legislation.
A bill is a proposal for a new law, or a proposal to significantly change an existing law.
As senior members of the Church of England, which is the established church, some bishops are entitled to sit in the House of Lords
The Lady or Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod is known as Black Rod. He or she is a senior official in the House of Lords, responsible for controlling access to the House of Lords and organising major ceremonial occasions. Black Rod’s deputy is the Yeoman Usher
The Budget is the statement (and supporting documents) delivered to the House of Commons each year by the Chancellor of the Exchequer which sets out the state of the nation's finances
Business motion is a proposal to change the order or timing of events in either House.
Business Questions are the oral questions to the Leader of the House that MPs are allowed to ask, directly after the Leader has announced the forthcoming business in the House of Commons, each week on a Thursday. They are often used by MPs to ask the Government to make time for a debate on a specific issue.
A by-election is an election that takes place if a seat in the House of Commons becomes vacant between one General Election and the next
The Cabinet is the team of 20 or so most senior ministers in the Government who are chosen by the Prime Minister to lead on specific policy areas such as Health, Transport, Foreign Affairs or Defence.
A carry-over motion allows a Public Bill to continue its progress from one parliamentary year (session) into the next.
Catching the Speaker's eye describes the way in which MPs let the Speaker know that they want to speak during a debate or question time in the House of Commons.
A motion of no confidence, or censure motion, is a motion moved in the House of Commons with the wording: 'That this House has no confidence in HM Government'.-14 days
The Chairman of Ways and Means is the principal Deputy Speaker in the House of Commons
The Chamber is where the main business of the day takes place in each House as a whole
The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the government's chief finance minister and one of the most senior members of the Cabinet.
The Steward and Bailiffs of the Chiltern Hundreds and of the Manor of Northstead were positions traditionally paid for by the Crown. In modern times they are unpaid. By law, taking on one of these titles immediately bars a person from being an MP.
Church of England measures are laws with the same force and effect as Acts of Parliament, but which relate to the administration and organisation of the Church.
A clause is part of a Bill. A Bill is made up of individual clauses which may be debated separately in Parliament. Any clause can be removed or amended - and new clauses may be added - before a Bill is passed. If a Bill becomes an Act of Parliament its clauses become the sections of the Act.
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British civil service reports:
Northcote–Trevelyan Report-1853-1854
Commissioned in 1853 and published in February 1854, in the United Kingdom. Influenced by the Chinese Imperial Examinations, Civil Service by merit through examinations.
The “Northcote Trevelyan Report” aimed to replace the old inefficient system where civil servants were appointed to office “by ministers acting for the Crown without regard to age or qualification in return for political support or out of personal interest. · To the Civil Service have to satisfy certain educational qualifications, depending on the level for which they apply
Recruited through competitive examination, and promotion by merit
Clear separation of tenure, function and responsibilities between civil servants and politicians
· To the Civil Service have to satisfy certain educational qualifications, depending on the level for which they apply
Aitchison Commission-1887
· The Aitchison Commission (Public Service Commission) was set up in 1886 recommendations in its report submitted in 1887:
1. The two-tier classification of civil services into covenanted and uncovenanted should be replaced by a three-tier classification-Imperial, provincial and subordinate civil services.
2. The maximum age for entry into civil services should be 23 years.
3. Commission was set up by lord Dufferin
4. The statutory civil service system of recruitment should be abolished.
6. Certain percentage of posts in the imperial civil service should be filled by promotion of the members of provincial civil service.
The above recommendations were implemented and consequently the statutory civil service was abolished in 1892.
Margret Thatcherism-1925
Civil service reforms by Thatcher (Margaret), marketisation privatisation, New Public Management, public services, neo-liberalism. free market privatization of civil service recruitment.
Importing business culture;
Devising effective mechanisms of accountability in which the public sector (and thus the Civil Service) would have to be exposed to the environment of market competition.
the Next Steps Team (assisting the Government in identifying and setting up agencies). The 1988 Report to the Prime Minister from the Efficiency Unit “Improving Management in Government:
The Next Steps” recommended “that ‘agencies’ should be established to carry out the executive functions of government within a policy and resources framework set by a department”.
The introduction by the “Financial Management Initiative” (1982) of an integrated financial management system which presupposes ensuring to and by managers
Delegated budgets, information systems;
Setting of clear objectives and performance indicators to each civil servant. (4) The introduction of transparent personnel
Priestley commission-1953
he Royal Commission on the Civil Service was appointed on the 16th November, 1953, under the chairmanship of Sir Raymond Priestley. the pay scales of the various grades; Hours of work, overtime and extra duty arrangements, and annual leave allowances; the existing superannuation scheme. the report of the commission was published on the 10th November, 1955.
The Whyatt Committee Report (1961)
The adequacy of the existing means for investigating complaints against the administrative acts or decisions of government departments and other public bodies, where there is no tribunal or other statutory procedure available for dealing with the complaints; and to consider possible improvements to such means, with particular reference to the Scandinavian institution known as the Ombudsman.’’
Further, this inadequacy created a compulsion to devise some alternative mechanism for the efficient redressal of citizens' grievances. The search for such a mechanism resulted into the creation of British Ombudsman. And the institution of British Ombudsman popularly known as Parliamentary
Fullerton committee report:-26 jun 1968
Recruitment- Training –Grading-Whitley council of machinery
It aimed to improve public services in the UK by Making administration accountable and more user-focused, transparency, right to information, performance builder, a stake holder approach.
Lord Fulton's committee reported in 1968. His 158 recommendations included
The unified grading system for all categories of staff,
Establishing Civil Service College and a central policy planning unit.
Control from the Treasury, and given to a new Department
The "fast stream" recruitment process –to all.
Expanding of opportunities for late entry, for short-term appointments and for exchange between the service, the universities and the private sector.
4) Creating a new department to manage the Civil Service - the Civil Service Department, and removing from the Treasury the function of central management of the Home Civil Service. Meanwhile the Treasury retained control over the expenditures of the Civil Service.
(5) Establishing a planning unit in each government department.
(6) Relaxing the rules regarding secrecy, and making administrative process more open to public knowledge and consultation's
“The Reorganization of Central Government”, the responsibilities of several major department were merged; the Government also established a small, multi-disciplinary, Central Policy Review Staff in the Cabinet Office.
Frank committee report -1957
1 Tribunals are an adjudicating, rather than administrative, body and they should be fair, open and impartial.
2 Established from independence from the real or apparent influence of the administration.
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The Charter Mark The Charter Mark was an award demonstrating the achievement of national standard for excellence in customer service in United Kingdom public sector organizations. Introduced in 1991, it was replaced in 2008 by Customer Service Excellence standard, with the last issued Charter Marks expiring in 2011. The Charter Mark was one of the consequences of a political initiative, the Citizen's Charter, by Prime Minister John Major in 1991, to improve customer service and performance in the public sector
The head of the Civil Service is supported in this by all his permanent secretaries through the Civil Service Governance Boards.
6. People Board
The highest ranking civil servant in the country is the Cabinet Secretary.
A subsidiary title was held by Head of the Home Civil Service or styled Head of the Civil Service.
Permanent Secretaries Management Group (PSMG)
The PSMG providing corporate leadership by providing single position across all government departments.
It is chaired by the Head of the Home Civil Service with all first permanent secretaries and selected permanent secretaries and directors general.
Including the Head of the Northern Ireland Civil Service and the Head of the Diplomatic Service
.
Civil Service Steering Board (CSSB)
The CSSB was established in 2007 to enhance the performance and reputation of the Civil Service on specific areas delegated to it by PSMG. The CSSB is chaired by the Head of the Home Civil Service
Civil Service Commissioner
· The Civil Service Commissioners are not civil servant and are independent of Ministers,
· They are appointed directly by the Crown under Royal Prerogative
· They report annually to the Queen.
· They do recruitment of civil servants.
· Responsibility to ensure that all civil servants are recruited on the "principle of selection on merit on the basis of fair and open competition."
· They maintain a recruitment code .
· They audit recruitment policies and approve all appointments to the most senior levels of the Civil Service.
· The Commissioners also hear and determine appeals in cases of concern about propriety and conscience raised by civil servants under the Civil Service Code which cannot be resolved through internal procedures
· Northern Ireland has a separate Commission called the Civil Service Commissioners for Northern Ireland
Political neutrality
· The Home Civil Service is a politically neutral body, with the function of impartially implementing the policy program of the elected government.
· Civil servants are legally barred from standing for election as Members of Parliament
· Up hold the duty of being politically neutral.
· Barred from holding office in a political party or publicly expressing controversial political viewpoints, while less senior civil servants at an intermediate (managerial) level must generally seek permission to participate in political activities.
· The most junior civil servants are permitted to participate in political activities, but must be politically neutral in the exercise of their duties
Codes
Civil Service Code
· Civil service code was introduced in 2006 -the core values and standards expected of civil servants.
· The core values are s integrity, honesty, objectivity, and impartiality.
· The Code includes appeal to the Civil Service Commissioners on alleged breaches of the Code.
· Civil servants and special advisers are also under the code, except, the nature of the role, for the requirements for objectivity and impartiality.
Civil Service Management Code
· The Civil Service Management Code (CSMC) gives the regulations and instructions to departments and agencies the terms and conditions of service of civil servants. It is the guiding document.
· Civil Service Commissioners' Recruitment Code
· The Civil Service Commissioners' Recruitment Code is maintained by the Civil Service Commissioners and is based on the principle of selection on merit on the basis of fair and open competition.
Osmotherly Rules
The Osmotherly Rules set out guidance on how civil servants should respond to Parliamentary select committees.
Directory of Civil Service Guidance
A two-volume 125-page Directory of Civil Service Guidance was published in 2000 .
Citizens' grievances and redressal of Uk
The Franks Committee Report on Administrative Tribunals and Enquiries (1956)
To fulfill the ne needs of tribunals with openness, fairness and Impartially
Some important grievances mechanism in UK .
· AJTC Administrative Justice and Tribunals Council
· CMEC Child Maintenance and Enforcement Commission
· ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
· ICR Independent Complaints Reviewer
· JCHR Joint Committee on Human Rights
· IRS Independent Review Service
· LASPO Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act LGO Local Government Ombudsman
· MoJ Ministry of Justice
· PASC Public Accounts Select Committee
· PCA Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration
· PHSO Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman
· Community Legal Advice (CLA) helpline
· The Regulatory Reform Order 2007 gave the ombudsmen the power to appoint a mediator as opposed to by way of an investigation or local settlement TCEA Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act
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British Treasury
·
· Public spending:
· Departmental spending,
· Public sector pay and pension,
· Annually managed expenditure (AME) and welfare policy,
· Capital investment
· Financial services policy:
· Banking and financial services regulation,
· Financial stability,
· Ensuring competitiveness in the City
· Strategic oversight of the UK tax system:
· Direct, indirect taxes,
· Business, property tax,
· corporation tax
· Infrastructure projects across the public sector and facilitating private sector investment into UK infrastructure. Civil service expenditures
· Ensuring the economy is growing sustainably.
British Budgetary System
· The Budget system is there Starting Magna carta, Initially having Upper exchequer- royal revenue- Lower exchequer collecting revenues.
· Now, The chancellor of the exchequer is the British cabinet minister responsible for Economic and finance matter- Minister of finance or Secretary of treasury. The chancellor is the third major office in UK
· Budget speech starts on March Tuesday. Pre Budget held before that of the current year prior November or December.
· Chief Whip is the Parliamentary Secretary to the treasury a lord commissioner of HM treasury all are from
· house of commons - Government front bench known as treasury bench.
· present budget period is one year
· All public receipt given through Consolidated funds.
· The chancellor passes Budget whitepaper First Budget speech it contains national debts. past year expenditure summary and current, taxation changes etc.. In September or October Annual finance accounts submitted in house of commons.
British Budgetary procedure
Preparation of budget.
· The financial year starts from month of April 1st
· The British treasury circulate estimate circulate to all department in the month of October
· The heads of department passes to local offices
· the local office pass to the head office with reviews and revision-few accepted, few rejected.
· Supply division( department of expenditure)examines the department circulation Chancellor examines and pass to Ministers.
· After treasury minister evaluation A draft estimate submitted to Finance Secretary.
· Finance secretary and pass to the chancellor- the Exchequer with his recommendations.
· it is joint decision of Minister cabinet and Exchequer for which chancellor is responsible. the cabinet can add weightage to his views.
· it is then presented to house of commons. in the name of Chief executive.
The public expenditure has two categories
Consolidated funds services-Permanent charges authorized by parliament includes national debt Queens civil list, Salaries of judged , speaker leader of opposition , controller Auditor General. Ex judges and speakers etc.. pension- 40 percent
· Supply Services- Expenditure Annually voted by the parliament.
The Enactment of budget
· The chancellor traditionally carries his budget to house of common on red brief case known as ministerial boxes or red boxes.
· The chancellor presided on behalf of his committee-first reading
· The committee of Supply Discuss the chancellor reports
· The commons express the grief for 20 days and can add three more days. The committee can refuse reduce but cannot attach new to the grants. It can be done through supplementary grants later.
· members are allowed to speak through motions.
· Appropriation bill is drafted
· The chairman of the committee submits resolution and finance bill is presented.
· Second reading started when Finance junior minister of treasury starts the debate.
· Opposition starts debate and chancellor end the debate. Both Floor of house and standing committees can discuss.
· The finishing touch given if there is amendment.
· After third reading the bill is put to vote.
· Bill passes to house of lord and they don't have any role.
· After queens assent the bill becomes act of parliament
Execution of the budget:
· Treasury doesn't have control over accounts but have connections
· Account officer is the only responsible person. He take cares of Appropriation account responsiveness correctness and process of account and should ensure funds distributed as per treasury and parliament act if there is over rule by minister in accounts ne will send objection report on minister over ruling and inform the treasury. Send papers to CAG
· Department - Field office- head of the department-Finance officer(connect administration of office with treasury)...to carry out and execute the programs of budget. In Britain administration and financial service integral within the department
· Accounting officer and head of the dept. take care of the work progress.
· Overall responsibility is in the hands of treasury.
· Auditor general audit appropriation account on behalf of House of commons
· He also prepares audit report of financial irregularities such as Exceeded grants, under budgeting, Non adhering with administrative laws etc..
· Jan 15 civil accounts, jan 31 defense account audit submitted to treasury
· Here on Public accounts committee takes the responsible based on CAG and audit report keeping CAG as witness, after having evidence the pac publish its report.
· Treasury consider to PAC reports and its duty too.
Vote on Account:
· Vote on account are advance grants made by house of commons in respect to estimated expenditure for part of the budget
Supplementary Budget
· The amount added due to addition on excess. Supplementary budget embodying supplementary estimates which is passed according to usual procedure for all appropriation bills before 31st march.
Reforms
New public management
Resource Accounting budgeting
Generally accepted accounting practices
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Separation of powers
· a legislature
· an executive
· a judiciary.
Legislature
Parliament is the legislature and the supreme legal authority in the UK which can create or end any law.
Parliament consists of:
· the sovereign in Parliament
· the appointed or hereditary House of Lords
· the publicly elected (Members of Parliament.
· Most Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected political parties, a political party must win an overall majority in a general election in order to form a government and have its leader become Prime Minister. There are 650 seats in total. ,more than half the seats in the House of Commons (326 or more).
· General elections must be held every five years on the first Thursday in May
· There are two provisions that can cause election other than at five-year intervals:
· A motion of no confidence with 14 day elapse in house of commons by simple majority without passing a confidence motion in any new Government formed.
· A motion for a general election is agreed by two-thirds of the total number of seats in
· There are two types of Lord in the House of Lords: the second chamber
· Spiritual Lords who are members of the clergy
· Temporal Lords, who are hereditary or life peers Hereditary peers are those whose title is inherited
· Life peers, who form the biggest proportion of the House of Lords, are appointed by the sovereign on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, or by an independent body – the House of Lords Appointment Commission. Their title cannot be inherited.
Executive
The executive comprises:
The Prime Minister, the Cabinet, which is selected by the Prime Minister and 20 minister.
Government departments and their agencies, responsible for putting government policy into practice and staffed by the civil service. Some UK government departments cover the whole of the UK; others do not
Other regulatory and inspection functions are delivered by non-ministerial government departments reporting directly to Parliament.
Judiciary
· The judiciary is the judges in the courts of law, holds judicial office in tribunals, and magistrates staffs magistrates’ courts.
Senior judicial appointments are made by the Crown (monarch).
The judiciary has been subject to constitutional change; an independent supreme court was established by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005,
The judicial powers previously held by the House of Lords transferred to this body from 1 October 2009.
THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN ENGLAND
· There are five types of local authority in England: county councils, district councils, unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs.
A county is a fairly large area of the country – Britain is divided into lots of counties of different sizes e.g. Berkshire, Yorkshire, Suffolk, Kent, Somerset, Northumberland et c etc. (look at a detailed map of the UK to see these). A borough is a specific, named part of a town or a county; London has lots of boroughs e.g. Tower Hamlets, Hounslow, Camden, Kensington and Chelsea. They are also areas that are represented by one member of Parliament.
·
Two tier
Two tier authorities are:
County Councils
District(village, town), Borough or City Councils(urban areas of small towns).
County councils/District councils- Two tier system County councils cover the whole of the county and provide the majority of public services in their particular area.are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, passenger transport, social care, libraries, waste disposal and strategic planning.
In some parts of England there are two tiers of local government: county councils and district councils. Counties have some functions and districts have others (with a small amount of overlap). Counties are bigger than districts. So, in each county council area, there will be several district councils – normally between 5 and 12.
Single tier
Single tier authorities are:
· Metropolitan Authorities
· London Boroughs (large urban areas) may be districts.
· Unitary or Shire Authorities.
· Unitary authorities-( Non metropolitan cities (District councils or London borough or small City councils)- Metropolitan districts) - One tier system
Each London borough is a unitary authority. However, the Greater London Authority (GLA) provides London-wide government and shares responsibility for certain services. London boroughs are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, social care, housing, libraries, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, waste disposal, planning applications, strategic planning, local taxation collection. The GLA is responsible for highways, transport planning, passenger transport and strategic planning.
Each county is divided into several districts
· District Councils are responsible for housing, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, planning applications and local taxation collections..
· District councils, which may also be called borough councils (large and small town or counties) or city councils(city &county-small area-local services only) services.
· Unitary authorities
· Unitary authorities are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, passenger transport, social care, housing, libraries, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, waste disposal, planning applications, strategic planning and local taxation collection
· Metropolitan districts Metropolitan districts are unitary authorities; they can be called metropolitan district councils, metropolitan borough councils or metropolitan city councils. Metropolitan districts are responsible for: education, highways, transport planning, passenger transport, social care, housing, libraries, leisure and recreation, environmental health, waste collection, waste disposal, planning applications, strategic planning and local taxation collection.
Town and parish councils
Town and parish councils Some parts of England have a third tier of local government. Town and parish councils are responsible for smaller local services such as parks, community centers, allotments and war memorials.
In both Wales and Scotland there is a single tier system of local government providing all local government services. In Northern Ireland there are elected local borough, city and district councils which provide services such as waste disposal, street cleaning and recreation; however the majority of services are the responsibility of other organizations
THOUGH IT HAS FOUR COUNTRIES IT OPERATES AS A STATE THROUGH PARLIAMENT AND IT IS A UNITARY GOVERNMENT.
---J Jayanthi Chandran
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only on working in website and it is only on j jayanthi chandran B positive blood having left leg knee injury at bottom at age 4 (lemarx-jsw)
two caesarian. at age 26, 29 date of birth 15:03:1980 as on TC- BULKY UTERUS.
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