First Assembly - Rajaji Chief Minister 1937 - Indian National Congress
Chakravarti Rajagopalchari
Born on 10 December 1878. He is a lawyer, writer and Politician. He is the last Governor-general of India and the First Indian born to achieve it.
His footprints
Leader of the Indian National Congress
Premier of Madras presidency
Governor of West Bengal
Minister of Home Affairs
Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (Madras State)
Founder of the Swatantra party
Bharat Ratna
Nickname Mango of Krishnagiri
Granted Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act 1939
Agricultural Debt Relief Act 1939
acquired the nickname 'Mango of Krishnagiri'
implementation of Gandhi's Nai Talim scheme into the education system.
Anti-Hindi protest
Implementation of Gandhi's Nai Talim scheme into the education system.
Rajagopalchari became the first premier of Madras state at his 5th age. During the Second World War Rajaji resigned from his position. He opposed the Quit India movement and had a hand in the conversation of partition of India.
Rajaji resigned in 1954. In the ensuing leadership struggle, Kamaraj defeated Rajaji's chosen successor C. Subramaniam and became the Chief Minister on 31 March 1954.
He resigned from Congress due to the difference of opinion with Kamaraj the leader of the Madras Provincial Congress. High pressure from the congress led to making Rajaji the head but they made Tanguturi Prakasam as chief ministerial candidate and he won. Rajaji served central government position as Minister for Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru
Rajaji was instrumental in initiating negotiations between Gandhi and Jinnah. In 1944, he proposed a solution to the Indian Constitutional tangle. In the same year, he proposed an "absolute majority" threshold of 55 per cent when deciding whether a district should become part of India or Pakistan, triggering a huge controversy among nationalists. From 1946 to 1947, Rajagopalachari served as the Minister for Industry, Supply, Education and Finance in the Interim Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru.
Second Assembly - Tanguturi Prantulu Prakasam 1942 - Indian National Congress
Tanguturi Prantulu Prakasam
An Indian politician who becomes chief minister of Madras state and new Andhra state. His birth anniversary was celebrated as Andhra Kesari.
In 1946 he became the chief minister of the Madras presidency against Rajaji with the support of Kamaraj.
Prakasm was felt to handle corruption and lost his worth.
Due to his Khadi protest, he was arrested in February 1947
Three different Chief Minister from congrees ruled subsequently after 1946
Prakasam- 1946 (kamraj made him resign)
Omandur Ramasamy Reddiar – 1947 (kamraj removed him on a vote of no confidence on 31 March 1949)
P S kumarasamy Raja upto 1952 (lost in next election)
1952 Legislative Assembly-Rajaji
The first election of legislative assemble after the republic
No single party obtained a simple majority to form an independent Government. Congress had won the election and C Rajagoplachari was the first chief minister of Tamil Nadu.
TM Nagireddy Was the Opposition leader of the Communist Party.
Tarimala Nagi Reddy
He was born On 11 February 191.7 and 1946. He donated 1000 acres of land to farmers against his father. He was elected to Rajyasaba in 1957. He broke with the communist party and formed the Andhra Pradesh Coordination Committee of Communists in 1968 Later It was a part of the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries AICCCR and was expelled.
Factionalism in Congress
Three different Chief Minister from Congress-ruled subsequently after 1946
Prakasam- 1946 (kamraj made him resign)
Omandur Ramasamy Reddiar – 1947 (kamaraj removed him on a vote of no confidence 31 March 1949)
P S kumarasamy Raja upto 1952 (lost in next election).
Pattabhi Sittaramaya faction on central in 1951bout congress & Com
emerged as the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party in June 1951.
Factionalism: Refers to arguments or disputes between two or more small groups from within a larger group. There has been a substantial amount of factionalism within the movement.
Communist In Tamil Nadu
Communists in the electoral process In Tamil Nadu:
Communists initially didn’t have an interest in Political Administration but later they emerged has a party in Andhra and Tanjore Supported Dravida Kazhagam. The Communist Party of India has officially stated that it was formed on 26 December 1925 at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, then Cawnpore. But as per the version of CPI(M), the Communist Party of India was founded in Tashkent, Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International.
CPI Communist Party
In 1952, CPI became the first leading opposition party in the Lok Sabha, while the Indian National Congress was in power. (Note - At this time, there was no CPI(M) and both were united)
The Communist movement or CPI in particular emerged as a front-runner after Guru Radha Kishan undertook a fast unto death for 24 days to promote the cause of Ideological differences led to the split in the party in 1964 when two different party conferences were held, one of CPI and one of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). There is a common misconception that the rift during the Sino-Indian War, when the Communist Party Of India proudly supported China in the war led to the 1962 split.[citation needed] In fact, the split was leftists vs. rightists, rather than internationalists vs. nationalists.[citation needed] The presence of nationalists in CPI, and internationalists P. Sundarayya, Jyoti Basu, and Harkishan Singh Surjeet in the Communist Party of India (Marxist) proves this fact.
The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (abbreviated CPI(M)) is a far-left political party in India. It is one of the national parties of India.[6] The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964. As of 2018, CPI(M) is leading the state government in Kerala and has representation in the following Legislative assemblies in the states of Kerala, West Bengal, Tripura, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Odisha and Maharashtra. As of 2018, CPI(M) claimed to have 10,00,520 members. The highest body of the party is the Politburo. The CPIM, which was previously connoted as a national party due to its nationwide presence- incurred disastrous losses in the general elections of 2014 and 2019. In the 2019 general elections, not only was the CPIM reduced to single digits but it lost prominence and power in India's political map, with Kerala being an exception.
In 1951, the Communist Party of India (CPI) which had been waging an armed struggle during 1948-51, gave up the attempt to wrest power through force and joined the political mainstream. At the 1951 congress of the party, "People's Democracy" was replaced by "National Democracy" as the main slogan of the party and the decision was made to contest the elections. One of the armed movements supported by the CPI was the Telangana Rebellion in the princely state of Hyderabad. Though the rebellion was crushed by 1951, the communists retained widespread support in the neighbouring Andhra region. This was due to their policy of linguistic nationalism (the demand for a separate state of Telugu-speaking people) and their support base amongst the Kamma caste which was opposed to the Reddy-supported Congress. Till then, all the previous elections had been conducted on a limited franchise based on property ownership qualifications.
The election of 1951 was the first one to be based on a universal franchise. The Communists had the support of most of the first-time voters - landless peasants and agricultural laborers. They also had a strong presence in the agrarian district of Tanjore in Tamil Nadu where they were supported by the Dravidar Kazhagam.
In the Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election, in 1952, the Communist Party was banned, so it couldn't take part in the election process. In the general elections in 1957, the CPI emerged as the largest opposition party. In 1957, the CPI won the state elections in Kerala. This was the first time that an opposition party won control over an Indian state. E. M. S. Namboodiripad became Chief Minister. At the 1957 international meeting of Communist parties in Moscow, the Communist Party of China directed criticism at the CPI for having formed a ministry in Kerala.
1946 parliament ministers from Tamil Nadu
Rajaji- Home minister
Gopal Swamy Ayyangar- Minister of Relief and Rehabilitation
1948 parliament ministers from Tamil Nadu- second Nehru Ministry
Gopal Swamy Ayyangar –Minister of Railways upto 13 May 1952
1952 No Members occupied Prime Minister Ministry From Tamil Nadu
First Lok sabha election
The Lok Sabha (House of the People) is the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament, with the upper house being the Rajya Sabha. Members of the Lok Sabha are elected by adult universal suffrage and a first-past-the-post system to represent their
respective constituencies, and they hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers. The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the Sansad Bhavan in New Delhi.
The maximum strength of the House allotted by the Constitution of India is 552. Currently, the house has 545 seats which is made up by election of up to 543 elected members and at a maximum, 2 nominated members of the Anglo-Indian Community by the President of India. A total of 131 seats (24.03%) are reserved for representatives of Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47). The quorum for the House is 10% of the total membership. The Lok Sabha, unless sooner dissolved, continues to operate for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. However, while a proclamation of emergency is in operation, this period may be extended by Parliament by law.
Rajya Sabha election
Rajya Sabha also known as the Council of States consist of not more than 250 members of whom
238 members are elected by MLAs of various States and Union Territories
12 members nominated by the President.
238 are elected through a process of Proportional Representation and Single Transferable Vote. I will try to explain without going into specifics and to keep it as simple as possible.
Consider a state A in India having 10 MLAs as 3 Rajya Sabha vacancies(v1,v2,v3).
let there be two political parties- P1 with 6 MLAs and P2 with 4 MLAs
a,b,c are nominated by party P1
d,e,f are nominated by party P2
A nominee will require at least 3 votes to win the seat i.e.
Now every MLA will make a list of candidates and submit it to the Election Officer.
6 MlAs of party P1 will write as =
First prefrence= a
Second prefrence=b
Third preference =c
4 MlAs of party P2 will write as =
First prefrence= d
Second prefrence=e
Third preference =f
The result is Round 1:
In the First Round a and d will get selected. A has 3 extra First Preference votes, so they are transferred to b because those people who selected a as their First Preference chose b as their second preference, similarly d has 1 extra First Preference vote which will be transferred to e.
Round 2 result:
Here b has 3 votes b and he gets selected.
The winners are a, b and d.
This is called the election by Proportional Representation and Single Transferable Vote.
Cross Voting: Cross voting is a situation where 2 members of party P1 will give as their first preference but e as their second Preference which will give b only 1 vote in the second round but e will get 3 votes in the second round and e will get selected.
Term of Rajya Sabha members: Of the total 238 members of Rajya Sabha 1/3 retire every 2 years i.e. around 80 members in a period of 24 months.
Diwan Bahadur Sir Narasimha Ayyangar Gopalaswami Ayyangar.
Diwan Bahadur Sir Narasimha Ayyangar Gopalaswami Ayyangar was born in CSI, CIE (31 March 1882 – 10 February 1953) Tanjore District Assistant Professor in Pachiappas College. Member of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution
1 Deputy collector till 1919
2. District Magistrate in 1920
3. Register – General of Panchayats and Inspector of local boards -1921
4. Secretary- PWO, Board of Revenue Member -1937
5. Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir 1937-43
6. Defence Minister 1952-53
7 Minister in Assembly-1946
8. Member of the Drafting committee For formulating the Indian constitution.
9. Delegate to represent the Kashmir issue in 1948 in Un Nations at the Geneva talks
Chief drafter Of Article 370
10. Minister of railways and transport 1948-52
11. He reported “ Reorganization of government machinery”
12. He formed the Defence Committee, the Economic Committee, the Parliamentary and Legal Affairs Committee and the AdHoc Administrative Organization committee
He died on February 10 1953.
Honoured Diwan Bahadur, CIE, CSI.
1951-1952 Indian General election:
The Indian general election of 1951–52, held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952, was the first election to the Lok Sabha since India became independent in August 1947. It was conducted under the provisions of the Indian Constitution, which was adopted on 26 November 1949. Elections to most of the state legislatures took place simultaneously.
After the adoption of the constitution on 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly continued to act as the interim parliament. The interim cabinet was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru and consisted of 15 members from diverse communities and parties. Various members of this cabinet resigned from their posts and formed their own parties to contest the elections.
1849 candidates competed for 489 seats in the Lok Sabha. More than 173 million people out of an overall population of about 360 million were eligible to vote] making it the largest election conducted at the time. Voter turnout was 45.7%.
The Indian National Congress (INC) won a landslide victory, winning 364 of the 489 seats and 45% of the total votes polled. This was over four times as many votes as the second-largest party. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first democratically elected
In 1952, CPI was the largest opposition party which lacked 10% seats securing only 16 out of 489 seats. So, its leader was not recognized as “Leader of Opposition” but only as the leader of the larger opposition party.
If any people choose to think of me, then I should like them to say: 'This was the man who, with all his mind and heart, loved India and the Indian people. And they, in turn, were indulgent to him and gave him of their love most abundantly and extravagantly.' – Jawaharlal Nehru
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a freedom fighter born on 14 November 1889.
First prime minister of India and architect of the modern Indian nation.
Nehru was a barrister in Allahabad high court.
Nehru is a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and had good work with Subhash Chandra bose
To develop good relation Nehru and Krishna menon visited spain.
Nehru had hatred against rule of Indian princes
He formed All India States Peoples Conference and played important role in uniting princely states
Draft of the Declaration of Independence
Nehru drafted the Indian declaration of independence, which stated:
We believe that it is the inalienable right of the Indian people, as of any other people, to have freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and have the necessities of life, so that they may have full opportunities of growth. We believe also that if any government deprives a people of these rights and oppresses them the people have a further right to alter it or abolish it. The British government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom but has based itself on the exploitation of the masses, and has ruined India economically, politically, culturally and spiritually. We believe therefore, that India must sever the British connection and attain Purna Swaraj or complete independence
Nehru framed the policies of congress and lead in 1929 followed by Bose. Nehru gave core ideas to frame Fundamental rights and Economic policy
He took office as the Prime Minister of India on 15 August, and delivered his inaugural address titled "Tryst with Destiny
First term as Prime Minister (1952–57)
State Reorganization
In December 1953, Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. This was headed by Justice Fazal Ali and the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission. The efforts of this commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as Nehru's Home Minister from December 1954. The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India's states. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction between Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the union territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted pan-Indianism. He refused to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines.Western scholars have mostly praised Nehru for the integration of the states into a modern republic but the act was not accepted universally in India.
Election of 1957
Nehru also led the Congress party to victory with 47.8% of the votes and taking 371 of the 494 seats in the 1957 elections.
Election of 1962
In the 1962 elections, Nehru led the Congress to victory yet with a diminished majority. Communist and socialist parties were the main beneficiaries although some right wing groups like Bharatiya Jana Sangh also did well.[
Economic policies
Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialization and advocated a mixed economy where the government controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector.
The policy of non-alignment during the Cold War meant that Nehru received financial and technical support from both power blocs in building India's industrial base from scratch. Steel mill complexes were built at Bokaro and Rourkela with assistance from the Soviet Union and West Germany.
There was substantial industrial development. Industry grew 7.0 percent annually between 1950 and 1965 – almost trebling industrial output and making India the world's seventh largest industrial country.
Nehru's critics, however, contended that India's import substitution industrialisation, which was continued long after the Nehru era, weakened the international competitiveness of its manufacturing industries
While India's economy grew faster than both the United Kingdom and the United States – low initial income and rapid population increase – meant that growth was inadequate for any sort of catch-up with rich income nations.
Agriculture policies
Under Nehru's leadership, the government attempted to develop India quickly by embarking on agrarian reform and rapid industrialisation. .
The establishment of agricultural universities, modelled after land-grant colleges in the United States, contributed to the development of the economy. These universities worked with high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice, initially developed in Mexico and the Philippines, that in the 1960s began the Green Revolution, an effort to diversify and increase crop production. At the same time a series of failed monsoons would cause serious food shortages despite the steady progress and increase in agricultural production.
Domestic policies
Nehru signing the Indian Constitution c.1950
The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. Nehru declared the new republic to be a "Union of States".The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The Part B states were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The sole Part D state was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.
In December 1953, Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission to prepare for the creation of states on linguistic lines. This was headed by Justice Fazal Ali and the commission itself was also known as the Fazal Ali Commission. The efforts of this commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as Nehru's Home Minister from December 1954.
The commission created a report in 1955 recommending the reorganisation of India's states. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction between Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the union territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state
. Nehru stressed commonality among Indians and promoted pan-Indianism. He refused to reorganise states on either religious or ethnic lines.Western scholars have mostly praised Nehru for the integration of the states into a modern republic but the act was not accepted universally in India.
Social policies
Education
His government oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, the Indian Institutes of Technology, the Indian Institutes of Management and the National Institutes of Technology. Nehru also outlined a commitment in his five-year plans to guarantee free and compulsory primary education to all of India's children. For this purpose, Nehru oversaw the creation of mass village enrollment programs and the construction of thousands of schools. Nehru also launched initiatives such as the provision of free milk and meals to children to fight malnutrition. Adult education centers, vocational and technical schools were also organised for adults, especially in the rural areas.
Marriage law
Under Nehru, the Indian Parliament enacted many changes to Hindu law to criminalize caste discrimination and increase the legal rights and social freedoms of women.
Nehru specifically wrote Article 44 of the Indian constitution under the Directive Principles of State Policy which states : 'The State shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India.' The article has formed the basis of secularism in India.
While Nehru exempted Muslim law from legislation and they remained unreformed, he did pass the Special Marriage Act in 1954. The idea behind this act was to give everyone in India the ability to marry outside the personal law under a civil marriage.
Reservations for socially oppressed communities
A system of reservations in government services and educational institutions was created to eradicate the social inequalities and disadvantages faced by peoples of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes. Nehru also championed secularism and religious harmony, increasing the representation of minorities in government
Defence and nuclear policy
Nehru, while a pacifist, was not blind to the political and geostrategic reality of India in 1947. While laying the foundation stone of the National Defence Academy in 1949,
Nehru envisioned the development of nuclear weapons and established the Atomic Energy Commission of India in 1948.
Nehru was hailed by many for working to defuse global tensions and the threat of nuclear weapons after the Korean War (1950–1953). He commissioned the first study of the effects of nuclear explosions on human health, and campaigned ceaselessly for the abolition of what he called "these frightful engines of destruction". He also had pragmatic reasons for promoting de-nuclearisation, fearing that a nuclear arms race would lead to over-militarisation that would be unaffordable for developing countries such as his own.
Defending Kashmir
In 1957, Menon was instructed to deliver an unprecedented eight-hour speech defending India's stand on Kashmir; to date, the speech is the longest ever delivered in the United Nations Security Council, covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th, reportedly concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor.]During the filibuster, Nehru moved swiftly and successfully to consolidate Indian power in Kashmir (then under great unrest).
China
In 1954, Nehru signed with China the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, known in India as the Panchsheel (from the Sanskrit words, panch: five, sheel: virtues), a set of principles to govern relations between the two states. Their first formal codification in treaty form was in an agreement between China and India in 1954. the 14th Dalai Lama.
United States
The US had hoped to court Nehru after its intervention in favour of Nasser during the Suez crisis. However, Cold War suspicions and the American distrust of Nehruvian socialism cooled relations between India and the US, which suspected Nehru of tacitly supporting the Soviet Union. Nehru maintained good relations with Britain even after the Suez Crisis. Nehru accepted the arbitration of the UK and World Bank, signing the Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 with Pakistani ruler Ayub Khan to resolve long-standing disputes about sharing the resources of the major rivers of the Punjab region.
Goa
After years of failed negotiations, Nehru authorised the Indian Army to invade Portuguese controlled Goa in 1961, and then he formally annexed it to India. It increased his popularity in India, but he was criticised by the communist opposition in India for the use of military force. The use of military force against Portugal earned him goodwill among the right-wing and far-right groups.
Sino-Indian War of 1962
Prime Minister Nehru talks with United Nations General Assembly President Romulo (October 1949)
From 1959, in a process that accelerated in 1961, Nehru adopted the "Forward Policy" of setting up military outposts in disputed areas of the Sino-Indian border, including in 43 outposts in territory not previously controlled by India. China attacked some of these outposts, and thus the Sino-Indian War began, which India lost, and China withdrew to pre-war lines in eastern zone at Tawang but retained Aksai Chin which was within British India and was handed over to India after independance
His death was announced to Lok Sabha at 14:00
If any people choose to think of me, then I should like them to say: 'This was the man who, with all his mind and heart, loved India and the Indian people. And they, in turn, were indulgent to him and gave him of their love most abundantly and extravagantly.' – Jawaharlal Nehru
local time on 27 May 1964 (same day); cause of death is believed to be heart attack. Draped in the Indian national Tri-colour flag the body of Jawaharlal Nehru was placed for public
Writings
Nehru was a prolific writer in English and wrote a number of books, such as The Discovery of India, Glimpses of World History, and his autobiography, Toward Freedom. He had written 30 letters to his daughter Indira Gandhi, when she was 10 years old and in a boarding school in Mussoorie, teaching about natural history and the story of civilisations. The collection of these letters was later published as a book Letters from a Father to His Daughter.
Awards
In 1955, Nehru was awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. President Rajendra Prasad awarded him the honour without taking advice from the Prime Minister as would be the normal constitutional procedure.
1957 Legislative assembly
Madras Legislative Assembly election, 1957-31 march 1957
First election after linguistic separation.
Indian national congress representing K. Kamraj had won the election defeating dravida munnerra kazhagam. Rajaji was lost his hope due to kula kalvi thittam With the support of M. Bhatavachalam andC. subramaniam Kamraj become chief minister having both of them as cabinet ministers While M. Karunanidhi and Anbhazhagan won first MLA seat from Dravida kazhagam
Delimitation and reorganisation-1953
Few area of Telugu speaking were mixed with Andhra
Bellary merged with mysore
In 1956 Malabar merged with kerala
Kanyakumari and Shenkottah added to Tamil Nadu
Finally it had arrived to a figure of 206 states
1957 Legislative assembly
Two member constituencies
From 167 , 38 were two member constituency and 37 schedule caste and one schedule tribe were larger in size having more than 100000 votes. Each had to put two vote for each list
Member (including both reserved and general lists).
The system was abolished after 1952 and 1957 election By two member Constituencies abolition act (1961)
Parties and issues
Kamraj was supported by DMK and Dravida kazhagam but he was least interested with Dravida kazhagam. Kamraj support to DMK made congress to form new party called congress reform Committee and during this tenure MGR entered the DMK party and started spreading messages through films. Karunanidhi, Nedunchezhian Ss rajendran, Anbhazhagan,, dominated DMK and won seats
K. Kamaraj
Kumaraswami Kamaraj was born on 15 July 1903 – 2 October 1975, was a leader of the Indian National Congress (INC),
Freedom fighter in congress wing
Named as King maker
President of Congress 1964-1967
Responsible for Making two prime minister Lal bahadur shastri and Indira Gandhi
3rd Chief minister of India state 1954-1963( Served three terms)
Member of parliament , Lokh sabha 1952-1954.
Introduced free midday meal scheme
Bharth Rathna – 1976
Increased Literacy rate in Tamil Nadu
Kamraj took efforts to establish IIT madras 1959
He took major efforts For irrigation, canal systems , building dams,Industries
Neyveli Lignite Corporation,
BHEL at Trichy, Manali Refinery,
Hindustan raw photo film factory at Ooty,
Surgical instruments factory at Chennai,
A railway coach factory at Chennai were established.
Industries such as paper, sugar, chemicals and cement took off during the period.
He introduced Kamraj Plan in 1963 to make all Ministers to resign from power and concentrate on policies. organisation. Six Union Ministers and six Chief Ministers such as Lal Bahadur Shastri, Jagjivan Ram, Morarji Desai, Biju Patnaik and S.K. Patil wer resigned which was appreciated by Nehru.
1957- Opposition Leader- Congress
V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar
He was elected to the Uthiramerur constituency as an Indian National Congress candidate - 1952 election
Become Opposition leader elected as an Independent candidate in 1957 election. He set up Madras labor union along with B.P.Wadia.
Dravidar Kazhagam
In August 1944, Periyar created the 'Dravidar Kazhagham' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the Salem Provincial Conference.[7] Dravidar Kazhagam, conceived as a movement and not a political party, insisted on an independent nation for Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under Madras Presidency.
Over the years, many disagreements arose between Periyar and his followers. In 1949, several of his followers led by C. N. Annadurai, decided to split from Dravidar Kazhagham, after an aged Periyar married a young woman Maniammai and appointed his young wife to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party leaders. Until then E. V. K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered his political heir.
Annadurai, on 17 September 1949 along with Kudanthai K.K.Neelamegam, V. R. Nedunchezhiyan, K. A. Mathiazhagan, N. V. Natarajan called "Aimberum Thalaivargal" (Great Five Leaders) along with M. Karunanidhithen an emerging screenwriter and thousands of others in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the DMK. The name of the party (DMK) was announced by Kudanthai Perunthagai. K. K. Neelamegam.
MGR's entry
In 1953, actor M. G. Ramachandran ("MGR") joined the DMK, popularized the party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from India by showing it in his movies. MGR was a member of the DMK, and he was seen as an icon of the DMK and spread its message through films like Adimaippenn and Dheiva Thai produced and scripted by R.M.Veerappan, another strong DMK ideology propagator from C.N.Annadurai school .[9]
DMK entered the electoral fray for 1957 State Assembly elections with M Karunanidhi winning the Kulithalai constituency while other seniors members like V. R. Nedunchezhiyan losing from Salem. In 1962 another prominent actor S.S.Rajendran ("SSR") contested in Theni, legislative assembly election, against the then popular congress leader N. R. Theagarajan and won the seat.
1957 Parliament Election
The Indian general election of 1957, held from 24 February to 9 June, was the second election to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. They were held five years after the first general election, according to the provisions of the Constitution of India. Elections to many state legislatures were held simultaneously.
There were 494 seats elected using first past the post voting system. Out of the 403 constituencies, 91 elected two members, while the remaining 312 elected a single member. The multi-seat constituencies were abolished before the next election.
Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Indian National Congress easily won a second term in power, taking 371 of the 494 seats. They gained an extra seven seats (the size of the Lok Sabha had
been increased by five) and their vote share increased from 45.0% to 47.8%. The INC won nearly five times more votes than the Communist Party, the second largest party. In addition, 19.3% of the vote and 42 seats went to independent candidates, the highest of any Indian general election
Opposition leader of 1957 parliament
Shripad Amrit Dange
Born on October 1899
Founder of Communist Part till 1978
A stal wart of Indian trade union Movement
Joined all India communist party fo he was suspected to support congress and also joined united communist party of india.
He played major role in the formation of the state Maharashtra
Dange published a book Gandhi vs lenin a comparative study book
British could not do anything with dange as he was purely doctrine.The conspiracy referred as Kanpur Conspiracy Case which showed Dange to a leader with national prominence.
Aituc a trade labour union formed by mn Joshi and later occupied by communist
On the day India got freedom, 15 August 1947 Dange was in Moscow talking to the Soviet leaders. Andrei Zhdanov and Mikhail Suslov, leading
Shripad Amrit Dange representing the CPI at the fifth congress of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany, Berlin. 12 July 1958.
Dange was elected to the 2nd Lok Sabha in 1957 from Bombay City (Central) Constituency of the State of Bombay.[
Dange along with S.M. Joshi, N.G. Gore and P.K. Atre fought relentlessly for Samyukta Maharashtra, a struggle that cost a lot of lives. Finally on 1 May 1960, pre-dominantly Marathi-speaking state of Maharashtra was born.
Dange was later elected to the 4th Lok Sabha in 1967 from Bombay City (Central) Constituency of the Maharashtra
Dange's major work, From Primitive Communism to Slavery was published in 1949
Dange's arrival in the political arena was through the pamphlet Gandhi vs. Lenin that got him two important contacts of his youth: M.N. Roy and Lotwala, the rich flour-mill owner from Bombay. The latter helped him to launch the first ever socialist magazine in India, The Socialist. Mohit Sen said that Dange's articles in The Socialist impressed Lenin himself.[66]
Dange was a keen follower of literature. He had published a book called Literature and People that advocated socialist realism, as opposed to elitism.
From Primitive Communism to Slavery
Dange's major work, From Primitive Communism to Slavery was published in 1949. The book attempted to analyze stages of growth of society in ancient India. The author had painfully researched ancient scriptures and other sources to make it a definitive tome. Engels’ book The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State was the kind of road map he used. He analyzed the ancient epics to arrive at the reasons for origin of private property in India. The first draft of the book was written in Yerwada Central Jail between October 1942 and January 1943.
Dange's magnum opus was severely criticised by historian D.D. Kosambi, who said that in order to defend Engels, he had to deny Dange. He went on to say that Dange’s work was unquestionably a caricature of Engel’s work. Kosambi was especially severe when he said, ‘Marxism is not a substitute for thinking, but a tool of analysis which must be used, with a certain minimum of skill and understanding, upon the proper material.
The book was released in 2002, under the title Vedic India by his daughter Roza and her husband, Bani Deshpande. Dange was again criticised for "his ideas on ancient India and his discovery of the ideals of communism in the primitive ages (and hence a glorification of the ancient culture) left him exposed to charges of having read Marxism in the most unscientific fashion".
1962 The third Legislative assembly-Tamilnadu |
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