Political Awakening:
The Modern Education System by the British government led to the awakening of freedom struggle, liberalization and the rise of Political Movements. Political reformers like political reformers like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, and EV Ramasamy Naicker arose. On one side they want to kill the social evils among the nations and on the other side, they realized the need for political rights to do what actually the nation needs. In Tamilnadu Justice Party leads the people in the right path that is as a political party.
South Indian liberal foundation was renamed The Justice Party which was formed in 1917 by T M Nair and P Thiagaraya Chetty. It is purely a non-Brahmin movement. It formed the government in Madras presidency in 1920 through direct elections and was in power for thirteen years. It is the best rival for the Indian National Congress and lost the election in 1937 to Congress. EVR Periyar took the leadership and made it into a Self-respect movement and in 1944 made it a social organization Dravida Kazhagam and stopped their electoral roles. Partial rebel of the organization called to be the original version of the Justice party contest in the election in 1952
Decline of Justice Party:
The reason for the decline it didn’t hold the people as a whole and opposed Brahmin. They stopped them in entering civil service. They were Against M. K. Gandhi since they felt he supported Brahmins. It worked like a Group of a few castes such as Vellalars (Mudaliars, Pillais), Balija Naidus, Beri Chettis, Kapus and Kammas.
Indian National Congress:
Indian National Congress was formed in 1985 against British establishment in Asia and Africa by Allan Octavian Hume. Womesh Chandra Banerjee was the first president of Congress. Mahatma Gandhi took the leadership after 1920. It is a Secular and Social democratic party that aims at social democracy balanced in lifting all sections. A moderate group was operated by Bala Gangadra Tilak in 1905 who fought for Hindu political identity. Under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929 in Lahore session home rule was the main goal of the movement. In the 1935 election Muslim League failed to emerge as a party. Subash Chandra Bose who was elected president in 1938 and 1939 resigned from Congress saying it was an umbrella organization. The party took power after Independence in 1947
Annie Besant
Annie Besant born Oct. 1, 1847, London, Eng.—died Sept. 20, 1933, Adyar, Madras now in Tamil Nādu, India was a British social reformer, sometime Fabian socialist, theosophist, and Indian independence leader.
Annie Besant worked for the promotion of a national awakening, fought against social issues, including caste prejudice and child marriage and spent a lot of time and effort in India to improve the education system of India.
When Annie Besant joined the Indian National Congress the Congress was majorly a debating group whose members deliberated on which motions to pass, she became involved in politics and India's freedom struggle.
During World War I, she launched a movement for India’s freedom.
In 1907, she became the president of Theosophical Society, which is based in Adyar, Madras (Chennai). Later, she joined the Indian National Congress to be involved in Indian politics and eventually became its president in 1917
In 1916, she established the All India Home Rule League with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and this was India’s first movement to call for complete independence.
Throughout the year, the league attempted to build a network of local branches to make it a PAN India movement and conduct agitations for freedom which made her to put in house arrest
In September 1917, she was set free from house arrest. She was elected for one year as President of the Indian National Congress (INC) in December 1917.
She was a famous speaker and writer. She was part of different groups like the National Secular Society and Theosophical Society. In 1888, she supported various causes, including the Bloody Sunday demonstration and the London match girls strike.
an important speaker for the Fabian Society and the Marxist Social Democratic Federation. She was chosen to work for the Tower Hamlets at London School Board.
She played a role in establishing the Central Hindu College in Varanasi in 1898 and also helped set up the Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board in Mumbai, India, in 1922.
In Adyar, Madras Presidency, she passed away on September 20, 1933, at the age of 85.
After her death, Besant Nagar, a neighbourhood in Chennai close to the Theosophical Society, was named in her honour.
The Happy Valley Besant Hill School in California was also established following her demise.
She helped promote Indian education and was a strong supporter of Indian self-rule, and for these reasons, she is well-known in India.
Last, but not least, she has a huge corpus of work. More than 380 books and pamphlets were authored by her.
She anticipated numerous facets of the New Age movement in her works.
Among the members of the Theosophical Society headed by Besant were Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement; Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of New (independent) India; and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Shiite founder of Pakistan. Gandhi met Madame Blavatsky and Besant in 1889 while studying law in the U.K. He had read the books written by both women and joined the Blavatsky Lodge of the Theosophical Society in 1891.
Indian National Movement - The Commonweal (a weekly dealing on Indian national issues) New India (a daily newspaper which was a powerful mouthpiece for 15 years advocating Home Rule and revolutionizing Indian journalism)
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Gujarat.
Mahatma Gandhi utilized non-violence in every movement against the British government as his key
Champaran and Kheda Agitations
In 1917, Mahatma Gandhi organized a non-violent protest against the British-imposed indigo cultivation and fixed pricing, leading to the acceptance of farmers’ demands
1918, for tax relief during a famine in the Kheda region, which led to the suspension of revenue collection.
Non-cooperation Movement
In 1920, this movement promoted the boycott of British products and services. Indians withdrew from British-run institutions and civil services affecting British administration without resorting to violence.
Salt Satyagraha or Salt March
In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi led the famous 26-day non-violent march to Dandi, Gujarat, protesting the salt monopoly imposed by the British..
Quit India Movement
· Launched on August 8, 1942, the Quit India Movement
· demanded the British to leave India.
· the non-violent civil disobedience movement grew the pressure on the British government and paved the way for India’s independence.
Social Hero
· Champion against Racial Discrimination in South Africa
· Become a Social hero and icon by eradicating Social Evils like equal rights for untouchables, education, woman empowerment and opposing old customs etc
· Gandhi made many visit to Tamilnadu through the knowledge of his South African Tamil friends. The title Father of Indian nation was given in tamil nadu in a session.
· From 1920 tamilnadu got full swing of independence and political thought through the leadership of Gandhi
· In madras session complete independence was made as its goat in 1927
· Opposing simon commission a committee was appointed to frame constitutional reforms
· Vedharanyam salt march was through his Dandi salt march
Demise
After India gained independence in 1947, Mahatma Gandhi’s life came to a tragic end when he was assassinated by a Hindu activist named Nathuram Godse on January 30, 1948.
Gandhi Memorial Museum, established in 1959, is a memorial museum for Gandhi located in the city of Madurai in Tamil Nadu, India. Known as Gandhi Museum, it is now one of the five Gandhi Sanghralayas (Gandhi Museums) in the country.The Gandhi Memorial museum at Madurai has been built and organised by the Gandhi Smarak Nidhi. it was in Madurai, in the year 1921, that Gandhiji adopted for the first time the loin cloth as his mode of dress which made him known throughout the world as. The museum has an original letter written personally by Gandhi to Narayanan Sathsangi of Devakottai. A congratulatory message sent by Gandhi to freedom fighter and poet Subramania Bharati is also preserved in this museum
The Forward Block:
Forward Bloc was founded by Netaji Subash Chandra Bose on May 3 1939 to have an alternate leadership to congress S S Cavesheer becoming the Vice president. In Tamil Nadu it was split in 1968.
Velayutham Nayar and Andithevar formed the Revolutionary forward block since they felt the party supports Swatantra party.
Dravidar Kazhagam
Dravida kazhagam was founded by EVR Periyar after splitting from Justice party in August 24 1944.
It main goal is to fight against caste system, untouchability and to form Dravida nadu later it was split into Dravida munnerra kazhagam and Anna Dravida munnerra kazhagam. The scope and vision of them has become to eradicate Brahmanism in all forms. Periyar was not interested in political moves since he felt it will change their focus from social reforms they are working for. The party became strained after periyar marrying Maniyammai who is forty years younger which made annadurai to form Dravida munnerra kazhagam. Periyar succeeded in getting reservation system. Dravida kazhagam is the main reason to form mandal Commission.
Madras Province Swarajya Party
The Madras Province Swarajya Party was established in 1923.
The Swaraj Party or the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party was formed on 1 January 1923 by C R Das and Motilal Nehru. The formation of the Swaraj Party came after various significant events like the withdrawal of non-cooperation movement, the government of India act 1919 and 1923 elections
Chauri Chaura led to the end of non cooperation movemen in 1922 few were with congress leaders included Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, C Rajagopalachari, etc.and few wanted to stand in election. The others who wanted to enter the legislative council and obstruct the British government from within were called the pro-changers. These leaders included C R Das, Motilal Nehru, Srinivasa Iyengar, etc.
C R Das was the President and the Secretary was Motilal Nehru.
Prominent leaders of the Swaraj Party included N C Kelkar, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Subhas Chandra Bose.
Madras Swarjya Party
S. Satyamurti and S. Srinivasa Iyengar led the party in tamil nadu . The party contested in all provincial elections between 1923 -1934 – single largest party but didn’t formed government due to diarchy system
The party emerged as the single largest party in the 1926 and 1934 Assembly elections but refused to form the provincial government under the existing diarchy system.
In 1934, the Madras Province Swarajya Party merged with the All India Swarajya Party later with the Indian National Congress while contesting the 1935 elections to the Imperial Legislative Council under the Government of India Act 1935 and hence swarajya party declined.
.
The Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
The madras presidency established its Assembly in 1937. After republic the presidency became madras state in 1950 and renames as Tamil Nadu on January 14 1969
The Madras presidency established its Assembly in 1937. After the republic, the presidency became Madras State in 1950 and was renamed Tamil Nadu on January 14 1969. It is unicameral and has 235 members 234 are elected and one is an Anglo Indian seat. The Speaker is the Presiding officer. The term of assembly is Five years unless dissolved. The legislative assembly and the governor constitute the Tamilnadu legislature and hence both the terms are different. In 1950 it became bicameral after the republic government formed. The first assembly came to power in 1952. The Legislative Council was abolished in 1986, making the legislature a unicameral body. At present fifteenth Legislative Assembly is in power.
In government, unicameralism (Latin uni, one + camera, chamber) is the practice of having one legislative or parliamentary chamber. Thus, a unicameral parliament or unicameral legislature is a legislature which consists of one chamber or house. A bicameral legislature simply refers to a particular body of government that consists of two legislative houses or chambers. In certain variations, a bicameral system may include two parliamentary chambers.
Madras Legislative Council:
Madras Legislative Council was established in 1861. After 1935 it became bicameral and the legislature consisted of legislature Assembly and a legislative council
The Assembly in Madras Presidency
First Assembly of the Madras Presidency meeting in the Senate House, Madras University (1937). The first legislative assembly election was held in February 1937. The Indian National Congress won the majority. C Rajagopalachari becomes the first electoral Chief Minister. The first assembly was constituted in July 1937. The second legislative assembly came to power in April 1946 and Congress won the majority. After Independence on August 15 1947, the Indian constitution came to power on January 26 1950 Madras presidency became Madras state. Elections could be held in 1951.
Authors review: All the political parties had problems in stabilizing whether they chose royal seats, communal or caste background or nepotism. People having political thought expected a Political party and a Political leader. After 1950 education and literacy reached all. All the countries after the world wars had political or industrial parties which united all the masses. Hence there was an underunder- ocean issue to the emergence of a pure Political party.
Comments